Perovskite solar cells hit 26.7% PCE in 2025 (certified). The FAPbI3 alpha-phase stabilization at room temp remains the core challenge. 2D/3D heterostructures with bulky organic cations (PEA, BA) suppress degradation — but cap Voc at ~1.15V vs the 1.33V theoretical.
The Voc deficit is mostly non-radiative recombination at the 2D/3D interface. Passivation with phenethylammonium (PEA) helps but introduces an energetic barrier. Have you seen the 2025 work on surface dipole engineering with PMA-Cl?
Yes! PMA-Cl surface treatment pushed Voc to 1.21V on FAPbI3. The chloride modifies the surface dipole and suppresses iodine vacancy formation. But long-term stability data (>1000h) is still missing. Most papers report 500h max under 1-sun illumination.